Several months later, in late June, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada passed a National Security bill: the bill defines the principles of state policy on national security and defence as well as focusing on Ukraine's integration into the European security, economic and legal system; improvement in mutual relations with other states and eventual membership in EU and NATO. [162] This has been due to Ukraine's political decisions not being met at that time. The green map was updated daily this week as Milley traveled along NATO's flank, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. President Putin said the military operation was needed to protect civilians in eastern Ukraine a claim the US had predicted he would falsely make to justify an invasion. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors. We will not return to the era of spheres of interest, when large countries decide what to do with smaller ones. Russian troops began launching attacks on Ukraine Thursday, with explosions reported in the capital of Kyiv and more than a dozen other cities and towns . Explore this interactive map to learn more about NATO, how the Alliance works and how it responds to today's security challenges. While Lukashenko said Belarusian troops didn't join the conflict, Russian forces used Belarusian territory to enter Ukraine from the north, with Belarusian border guards and the country's air-defense system available to Moscow. Russia had been amassing up to 200,000 troops along the Ukraine border for weeks, amid threats of international sanctions. ", condemned what it called Russia's "horrifying attack on Ukraine,", Putin has several times warned Western nations not to involve themselves in the war, said last year that his country's forces would join the action, he reiterated his claims earlier this month, thousands of Ukrainian refugees flocked to Moldova, thousands of Ukrainian refugees seek solace in the NATO-protected European Union member, approximately 1.5 million of the more than 8 million Ukrainian refugees, NATO formally invited both countries to join the alliance. [33], Kuchma and Russian president Boris Yeltsin negotiated terms for dividing the Black Sea Fleet based in Ukraine's Crimean peninsula, signing an interim treaty on 10 June 1995. However, the Bush administration seemed not to push for Georgian and Ukrainian MAPs in late November 2008. "Today there was a NATO summit, a weak summit, a confused summit, a summit where it was clear that not everyone considers the battle for Europe's freedom to be the number one goal Today, the leadership of the alliance gave the green light for further bombing of Ukrainian cities and villages, having refused to set up a no-fly zone. A quickly deployable land brigade that is part of the NRF made up of around 5,000 troops and run by France alongside Germany, Poland, Portugal and Spain is already on heightened alert. Together they proceeded to give an interview to the witness audience. The Russian leadership seems to intend to turn the clock backward to the old times of Cold War logics. Tensions escalated even further in 2008 when NATO announced its intent to admit both Ukraine and Georgia at an undetermined future time. [67], During the 2010 presidential election campaign, Party of Regions leader and candidate Viktor Yanukovych stated that the current level of Ukraine's cooperation with NATO was sufficient and that the question of the country's accession to the alliance was therefore not urgent. Germany leads a group of states in a multinational battlegroup with more than 1,200 troops from Belgium, Czech Republic, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Norway, which is based in Lithuania. In December last year, President Putin said Russia will seek reliable and long-term security guarantees from the US and its allies that would exclude any further Nato moves eastward and the deployment of weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory. [citation needed]. Published Feb. 24, 2022 10:17 a.m. PST. A view of damage after attacks as Russia-Ukraine war continues in Bakhmut, Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2023. Here. Do we have to choose between good relations with Russia and further enlargement? [28] Until 2006 the Ukrainian Armed Forces worked with NATO in Iraq.[40]. The country . Previously: Prime Minister of Latvia Krijnis Kari stressed that Ukraine must join not only the EU, but also NATO. On 15 June 2004, in the second edition of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine, approved by the decree of Kuchma, a provision appeared on the implementation by Ukraine of a policy of Euro-Atlantic integration, the ultimate goal of which was to join NATO. BOWMAN: Well, officials say Putin continues to move forces in and around the Ukrainian border on three sides, more into Belarus, to Ukraine's north, as part of a planned military exercise in the . But ongoing unrest in the country, even before 2022, worried some NATO members such as France and Germany, both of which have previously opposed Ukraine's inclusion and a new NATO member can be inducted only by unanimous consent. Details: The Latvian Prime Minister said that European countries have to rearrange their defence industries so that they can continue to resist Russian aggression.He added that while Russia is "manufacturing weapons 24/7", Europe "continues to act as though it were peacetime". Here are the countries, along with the year they joined: Albania (2009) Belgium (1949). [76], On 3 June 2010, the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill proposed by the President that excluded the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy. [43], Ukrainian membership in NATO gained support from a number of NATO leaders. Romania. [citation needed] Russia, for its part, expressed concern about this development. While Ukraine is not a NATO member, it is a NATO partner country, and the treaty has helped to coordinate aid and assistance to Ukraine over the last 12 months, while continuing to assure the protection of individual member countries, many of which have sent weapons, money, and military equipment to help Ukraine fight. Sweden. On 2 June, Zelenskyy called one of the potential threats that could strengthen Russia's position in Europe: the failure to give Ukraine a clear signal and specific deadlines for obtaining an MAP for NATO membership. On 20 February, France and Germany called on their nationals to leave Ukraine. He has been shown how wrong he is. Initial personnel and equipment of the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, on 10 April 2015. And impose their own authoritarian models of governance. ', Liverpool plan to be ruthless in 'biggest rebuild for a generation', Tom Sizemore, star of Saving Private Ryan, dies aged 61 after brain aneurysm, Do not sell or share my personal information. emphasized Landsbergis. [64] On 3 December 2008 NATO decided on an Annual National Programme of providing assistance to Ukraine to implement reforms required to accede the alliance without referring to MAP. [42], On 21 April 2005, in Vilnius, as part of an informal meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the NATO countries, a meeting of the Ukraine-NATO Commission was held, which opened a new stage in Ukraine's relations with the alliance "intensive dialogue", which was intended to be the first step towards Ukraine's entry into NATO. March 3, 2023, 11:07 AM PST. Its purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. [75], On 27 May 2010, Yanukovych stated that he considered Ukraine's relations with NATO as a partnership, "And Ukraine can't live without this [partnership], because Ukraine is a large country". A new country has to be unanimously approved by Nato members and factors taken into account will include, among others, unresolved external territorial disputes. Ukraine declared a goal for their armed forces to become interoperable with those of NATO by 2020; the CAPU was designed to meet the needs of this process. [250] Wendy Sherman noted that NATO will not abandon the policy of "open doors". On 25 March, Stoltenberg was interviewed by Euronews. Today, we carry out security sector reform in Ukraine to reach NATO standards and to strengthen the country's defense system, which is necessary to counter Russian aggression. Addressing the ambassadors and military attaches of NATO member states, as well as representatives of the NATO office in Ukraine, they were urged to inform their capitals that Ukraine would hope for their full politico-military support in reaching such a decision at the next NATO Summit in 2021. Oddly enough it's feminists, One of the UK's smallest towns has an award-winning pub and England's oldest fishing society, The golden health rules GPs live by, including why you should ditch your weekend lie-ins, Leaving the city for my kids was the worst decision after 19 months we sold up and came back, When the cost of living payments could be paid in 2023, and how much people will get, Thanks for the WhatsApps, Matt your hypocrisy and appalling judgement have been confirmed, How many episodes of The Last of Us there are and when the series ends, My dream home has more than 100 safety issues - how is this allowed to happen after Grenfell? [223][224] Past leaders such as Gorbachev and Yeltsin had both raised objections, the latter clashing publicly with the Clinton administration over the issue. No, Relations between Ukraine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) started in 1991. Belarus is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Russia's counter to NATO which is its own intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia that includes certain post-Soviet countries. Following Putin's February 24, 2022 invasion, President Joe Biden said no US troops would be sent to Ukraine, though he warned that the US and its allies would "defend every inch of NATO territory." [85][86] The Yatseniuk Government initially stated that it did not intend to make Ukraine a member of NATO. Ukraine declared itself independent of the Soviet Union in August 1991 and moved to a market economy, but there has been tension between its old ties to Russia and new allegiances with Western nations ever since. Here are the countries, along with the year they joined: The map below shows Ukraines crucial strategic position in Eastern Europe, with the country currently providing a significant buffer between Russia and its Nato neighbours. [38], In 2002 relations of the governments of the United States and other NATO countries with Ukraine deteriorated after the Cassette Scandal revealed that Ukraine allegedly transferred a sophisticated Ukrainian defense system to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. He said in a televised address to the nation Thursday that Russias attack is a turning point in European history and as a result there will be profound consequences for our continent and changes in our lives., He added: To this act of war, we will reply without weakness, we will reply calmly and in a determined and united manner.. According to the head of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, the most convincing and effective mechanism for communicating the position of the international community to Moscow is "accelerating the implementation of the decision of the 2008 NATO Bucharest Summit on our membership in the Alliance. There are currently 30 countries in Nato; 27 in Europe, two in North America and one in Eurasia. Some of the country's neighbors are long-standing members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ), GEOPOLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF RESIDENTS OF UKRAINE: JUNE 2021, " : ", ATTITUDE TOWARDS UKRAINE'S ACCESSION TO THE EU AND NATO, Are Ukrainians ready for a great war: the results of a sociological study, THE FOURTH NATIONAL POLL OF UKRAINIANS DURING THE WAR (MARCH 12-13, 2022), THE SEVENTH NATIONAL POLL: UKRAINE DURING THE WAR (MARCH 30-31, 2022), IRI NATIONAL SURVEY: PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY OF RESIDENTS OF UKRAINE (JUNE 2022), THIRTEENTH NATIONAL SURVEY: FOREIGN POLICY ORIENTATIONS (JUNE 18-19, 2022), GEOPOLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF RESIDENTS OF UKRAINE: RESULTS OF A TELEPHONE SURVEY CONDUCTED ON JULY 6-20, 2022, FOREIGN POLICY ORIENTATIONS OF THE UKRAINIANS IN DYNAMICS (OCTOBER 1-2, 2022), TWENTIETH NATIONAL POLL. [1] Ukraine applied to integrate with a NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP) in 2008. These hypersonic speeds mean they could travel from the US to Russia in just 30 minutes. According to polls conducted between 2005 and 2013, Ukrainian public support of NATO membership remained low. Nato was founded in April 1949 in Washington DC. Earlier, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov also said that "the risks of military confrontation should not be underestimated" and that the American side, refusing to not expand NATO, underestimates the seriousness of the situation. He also said that the Ukrainian authorities hope to hear specific conditions for joining the North Atlantic Alliance: Ukraine has shown to its principles and positions that we are fully prepared and able to be a member of NATO. But despite the small nation's support for fleeing refugees, unlike Ukraine, the former Soviet country has no plans to formally join NATO. From 1949 to 2022, NATO countries bordering Russia has grown from one to four, and now includes a series of former Soviet states. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors. [127] The exercise began on 10 February. Here are the other 26 countries that compose NATO, in alphabetical order following the U.S.: United States Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece. Nato stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, and is also known as the North Atlantic Alliance. At least 40 Ukrainian soldiers and a child have been killed as of midday on Thursday, with many more civilians wounded. [116], At the end of November 2020, it became known that the NATO Summit in 2021 would consider the issue of returning to an "open door policy", including the issue of providing Georgia with a MAP. When Russia invaded Ukraine a year ago last February, the National Atlantic Treaty Organization swiftly condemned the unprovoked assault as a war of aggression against Ukraine, a sovereign and peaceful country. Others sheltered in Kyivs subway stations, while wounded citizens have been pictured in the capital. During stops in Belgium, Germany, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and . Denmark, Spain, France and the Netherlands were all planning or considering sending troops, planes or ships to eastern Europe, NATO said. [217] A 2013 Gallup poll showed that 29% associated NATO with "Threat" and 17% with "Protection"; 44% viewed it as neither. We stand with the people of Ukraine at this terrible time. He stated "Not a single Russian politician, not a single public figure, not a single person said that we are planning to attack Ukraine." [108] After the vote, Poroshenko declared: "This is the day when the movement of Ukraine to the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance will be consolidated in the Constitution as a foreign political landmark. [52][53][54] Russian reactions were negative. The EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell maintained "Its Putins war, and only Putin can end it." NATO is also ready to reopen its representative office in Moscow, the Secretary General added. Alastair Kocho-Williams, professor of history at Clarkson University in the US, says Nato membership would significantly increase Ukraines international military backing, allowing for Nato military action within Ukraine and alongside members of its military. Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania share a border with Ukraine and are all members of NATO. Hungary joined the organization in 1999,. The state-owned Russian news agency TASS reported in February 2022 that Lukashenko received assurances from Putin that any attack against Belarus would constitute an attack on Russia as well. He assured that the Alliance would help Ukraine to meet the criteria necessary for membership in the organization.[248]. Its headquarters are in Brussels in Belgium. The US leads a Nato multinational battlegroup stationed in Poland made up of over 1,000 Croatian, Romanian and British troops. 2million are planned to be sent for the modernization of communication systems, 1.2million to reform the logistic and standardization systems, 845,000 for physical rehabilitation and prostheses, 815,000 for cyber defense, and 410,000 for retraining and resettlement. I will definitely support this decision At the same April meeting, Stoltenberg said that "NATO firmly supports sovereignty and the territorial integrity of Ukraine. We remain determined to maintain coordinated international pressure on Russia We remain committed to the foundational principles underpinning European and global security, including that each nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements free from outside interference. Also, if adopted, the United States is obliged to consider and vote on whether to grant Russia the status of a "country-sponsor of international terrorism."[134]. At the June 2021 Brussels summit, NATO leaders reiterated the decision taken at the 2008 Bucharest summit that Ukraine would become a member of the Alliance with the MAP as an integral part of the process and Ukraine's right to determine its future and foreign policy, of course without outside interference. The CAPU contained more than 40 targeted support measures in key areas like:[103], On 8 June 2017 the Verkhovna Rada passed a law making integration with NATO a foreign policy priority. Nato has condemned Russias invasion of Ukraine in the strongest possible terms since the start of the conflict, with the group re-iterating its support for Ukraine, which is not one of its members. In the immediate aftermath of last year's invasion, thousands of Ukrainian refugees flocked to Moldova, located to the southwest of Ukraine. We have a set of legal military-technical measures that we will apply if we feel a real threat to security, and we already feel if our territory is considered as a target for targeted strike weapons. All forces . [1] Ukraine applied to integrate with a NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP) in 2008. This idea is supported least of all in the East of Ukraine 47%. Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced on Tuesday that certification of the project cannot go ahead following Russias actions against Ukraine. [141] The same day, Stoltenberg advised Russia "in the strongest possible terms, to choose the path of diplomacy, and to immediately reverse its massive military build-up in and around Ukraine. He added that the allies were meeting to address the consequences of Russias aggressive actions. [citation needed], A few years later, in February 1994, Ukraine was the first post-Soviet country to conclude a framework agreement with NATO in the framework of the Partnership for Peace initiative, supporting the initiative of Central and Eastern European countries to join NATO. And, therefore, there does not need at this point in time to be any discussion of MAP. He spoke of the Alliance doing "as much as they can" to support Ukraine, chiefly "with advanced anti-tank weapons, air defence systems" and with "financial support, humanitarian support, but also military support". Ukraine is applying to become a Nato member, but it is yet to be formally admitted. The strike triggered Nato crisis talks, with three US officials telling Associated Press that preliminary assessments suggested the missile was launched by Ukrainian forces at an incoming Russian salvo. The body has designated the former Soviet country as one of its "enhanced opportunity partners," a title granted to nonmember countries that have contributed to NATO-led operations and missions. This policy appeared in 1994 and served very different purposes than building European security. [115], On 1 December 2020, the Minister of Defense of Ukraine Andriy Taran stated that Ukraine clearly outlines its ambitions to obtain the NATO MAP and hopes for comprehensive political and military support for such a decision at the next Alliance Summit in 2021. Here are the countries, along with the year they joined: Albania (2009) Belgium (1949). Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. [237][238][239] Putin asked U.S. President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory. "[140] On the dais with him was Ursula von der Leyen. The president's reply stated that "One of the main priorities of Ukraine's foreign policy is to deepen cooperation with NATO to achieve the criteria required for membership in this organization. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Viktor Yanukovych's foreign policy statements contradicted Yushchenko's course. Of course, we cannot agree with this. An important event in the development of relations between Ukraine and NATO was the opening in September 1992 of the Embassy of Ukraine in Brussels, which was a link in contacts between Ukraine and NATO. The list of NATO Countries supporting Ukraine and condemning the Russian Invasion is provided below: Founding Members of NATO: Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands . [255], On 19 January, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov made a proposal to the United States to assume legal obligations not to vote for NATO membership of countries whose membership is opposed by the Russian Federation, reducing NATO's non-enlargement requirements. Stoltenberg said "Russia has used military exercises before as a disguise, as a cover military buildup, exercises, threatening rhetoric and a track record all of that together, of course, make this a serious threat. It is bounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the south. I am convinced, and we have already begun to discuss this issue with our colleagues from the Baltic states, NATO could repeat its proposal to provide Ukraine with a membership plan. . A map showing Europe"s Nato members (Map: Nato) Which countries are in Nato? [36] A Ukrainian public opinion poll of 6 May showed 37% in favor of joining NATO with 28% opposed and 34% undecided. "Today I asked the 27 leaders of Europe whether Ukraine will be in NATO, I asked directly," he said during a February 2022 speech. Oddly enough it's feminists, One of the UK's smallest towns has an award-winning pub and England's oldest fishing society, The golden health rules GPs live by, including why you should ditch your weekend lie-ins, Leaving the city for my kids was the worst decision after 19 months we sold up and came back, When the cost of living payments could be paid in 2023, and how much people will get, Thanks for the WhatsApps, Matt your hypocrisy and appalling judgement have been confirmed, How many episodes of The Last of Us there are and when the series ends, My dream home has more than 100 safety issues - how is this allowed to happen after Grenfell? A first step now could be to activate the Nato Response Force (NRF), which can number up to 40,000 troops. In response to Russias annexation of Crimea in 2014, Nato increased its presence in the eastern part of the alliance, including with four multinational battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. NATO was born in 1949 with the North Atlantic Treaty, where 12 countries came together and agreed to the conditions for non-aggression and cooperation. also heard in Ukraines second largest city, His remarks came as Ukrainians began fleeing the country with roads gridlocked, underground train stations packed and queues at bus stops, petrol stations and cash machines. NATO serves as a collective security system, wherein its member states agree to mutually defend any attack on a member party by any external actor. Russia also urges the United States not to establish military bases in the former Soviet Union and not to accept these countries into NATO. But there is every reason to worry Ukraine has been trying to join NATO for 15 years by obtaining an Membership Action Plan. "Everyone is afraid, does not answer. [104] In July 2017 Poroshenko announced that he would seek the opening of negotiations on a MAP with NATO. As a result of other agreements and the memorandum, between 1993 and 1996, Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons. ", " , - ", SOCIO-POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF THE RESIDENTS OF UKRAINE AND SUPPORT RATING FOR PARTIES AND POLITICAL LEADERS: MAY- JUNE, 2016, Ukrainians have become skeptical attitude to joining NATO, Two third Ukrainian would vote for joining NATO - survey, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOODS OF UKRAINIANS: IRI POLL, GEOPOLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF THE RESIDENTS OF UKRAINE: SEPTEMBER 2017, https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/socio/2018_Press_release_september.pdf, Poll: NATO support grows in Ukraine, reaches 53 percent, ( 2020. He thought Ukraine was weak, and he thought NATO was divided. NEAR UKRAINE'S BORDER Some 14 wide-bodied aircraft transported a bristling array of Javelin antitank missiles, rocket launchers, guns and ammunition to an airfield near Ukraine's border on . Canada is leading one of the multinational battlegroups from Latvia which contains more than 1,500 troops. [8], On 23 December 2014, the Ukrainian parliament renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status, a step harshly condemned by Russia. On 19 February at the Munich Security Conference Stoltenberg remarked that despite NATO's "strong diplomatic efforts to find a political solution [to the Ukrainian crisis] we have seen no sign of withdrawal or de-escalation so far. "[60] Although NATO Deputy Assistant Secretary-General Aurelia Bouchez[nb 1] and Secretary-General Scheffer[nb 2] still supported Ukraine's NATO bid at the time. [59] In a Times of London interview in late November, Yushchenko stated: "Ukraine has done everything it had to do. Given Ukraines current instability, Nato membership will not happen any time soon. Hands", "After a Week of Siege, Bloodied Mariupol Plans Mass Graves", "Press conference with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, the Prime Minister of Latvia, Krijnis Kari, the Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, the Minister of Defence of Canada, Anita Anand and the Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Snchez", "Zelensky signals he doesn't expect Ukraine to join NATO anytime soon", "Statement by NATO Heads of State and Government", "NATO support "crucial" to Ukrainian resistance, Stoltenberg tells Euronews", "Merkel defends 2008 decision to block Ukraine from NATO", "Putin illegally proclaims annexation of 4 occupied regions; Ukraine applies to join NATO", NATO-Ukraine relations In the public focus, "Ukrainians want to enter EU, not NATO, poll shows", The language question, the results of recent research in 2012, "DW-Trend: The majority of Ukrainians - against joining NATO", Poll: Only 15% of Ukrainian citizens see their country in NATO, "Ukrainians are less willing to NATO - poll", Poll: Almost half of Ukrainians back Ukraine's accession to EU, , - , "EU and Customs Union? [152], On 8 March Poland offered to donate 28 MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine, "ready to deploy immediately and free of charge all their MiG-29 jets to the Ramstein airbase" under US control in Germany. A statement from NATO said the organization had agreed to "take additional steps" to strengthen deterrence and protect all allies, but details on its next steps have been notably vague. [127], On 31 January at a tense meeting of the UN Security Council, the Washington Post reported that "Russia has demanded a Western commitment to exclude Ukraine from its security umbrella and the removal of NATO forces and equipment from Eastern Europe and the Baltic States" and according to Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield "has threatened to take military action should its demands not be met." Be ready to support Ukraine in the squares of our cities.. It uses a system of collective security, whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. On 6 April 2004, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a law on the free access of NATO forces to the territory of Ukraine. [102], In July 2016 NATO published a summary of the Comprehensive Assistance Package for Ukraine (CAPU) after the Heads of State meeting in Warsaw. Ukraine shares borders with four NATO countries:. All rights reserved. [245], On 9 January 2022, following a visit to Ukraine in January 2022 and a trip to the contact line in the east, EU High Representative Josep Borrell wrote in his blog on the European External Action Service website that some of the provisions of the so-called "draft agreements" on security guarantees for Russia, represented by the Kremlin in December 2021, contradict the basic principles of the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, so the willingness of NATO and Western countries to discuss these ideas does not mean their willingness to accept them:[246]. On 17 January Russian troops joined their Belarusian counterparts for an exercise aimed at "thwarting external aggression".

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