Happy New Year: Heri ya mwaka mpya. 2023 Ana Yokota - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP, Thank you for joining the family! uch!. New Year's Eve in Sydney. The New Year is called oshgatsu (). For example, one of the prayers we continue to, Read More 39 POWERFUL PRAYERS FOR CHRISTMAS TO SHARE (WITH SCRIPTURES)Continue, This post may contain affiliate links. They are simply different dialects of the same language. sidewalk infrastructure partners associate, negative impacts of the grand ethiopian renaissance dam, how to say happy new year in karen language. Each phrase is spelled out and spoken out loud. Most of the delicacies includes fruits like olive fruit, apple, sprouts, green plants, sweet . Italian: Buon anno! The language has more than 100 million speakers in Africa. By default, Ill also be able to answer the question, how do you write happy new year in Korean?. Community members dress in traditional clothing to show respect and pride for their culture. There are three Karen languages: northern, midland (including taungthu), and south (including pwo and ewhu). Listen and repeat this phrase to greet them in Mandarin Chinese during the New Year. Spoken in Southeastern Europe, Bulgarian is an Eastern Slavic language. . The Enunciation Of Linguistics: How We Articulate Words, How To Learn A Foreign Language Better And Faster, How To Learn Grammar For A Foreign Language, Why People Want To Learn A Second Language. how to say happy new year in karen language - pomarancino.eu = Ya bus ka oh. Mandarin -Xinnin kuil! This phrase may be used for any holiday, including the New Year. It is also the fifth-largest language on the African continent. A: stop smoking, start working out, and lose weight. The concept of making resolutions is less common in Koreathan it is in other countries. Learning Korean culture through Korean words is a beautiful way to start a list of new years resolutions. = Happy New Year! How to Say Happy New Year in Hungarian - HungarianPod101 Everyone knows that it is sometimes very hard to stick to resolutions, and not only over New Year. To see more phrases in each language click on the language names. Chatbooks | 35 Happy New Year Messages and Quotes to Wish Your Loved Call us now: 012 662 0227 collin county conservative voters guide 2022. allens senior associate salary The linguistic difference between Karen and other languages can be extremely difficult for people who want to communicate with them. I hope this inspires you to celebrate a happy lunar new year Korean style! But beware! Do you need a hat, gloves, scarf, or socks? More than one million people in Burma and Thailand speak the Karen language. Spoken predominantly in Sweden and Finland by at least 10 million speakers, Swedish is the fourth most spoken Germanic language and the first among any other of its type in Nordic countries. The second most studied language in the world, Spanish has 329 million native speakers and is projected to reach 600 million speakers by 2050. New Year's Eve is just around the corner, which means-you guessed it-plenty of quality time with your friends and family. Why was Xmas in July started? Write and say "Happy New Year" in Korean - WonderHowTo In Mandarin: /sshin-nyen kwhy-ler/. However, ' ' is much more . by Anu Passary: New Year's Eve is almost here and people are gearing up to pop the bubbly and dance the night away. ; You'll receive many blessings in the New Year! Derived from Latin of the Roman Empire, French is a Romance language from the Indo-European family. I am yours till the end of time. Happy New Year: Feliz ao nuevo. If you want to be certified for this qualification, you can get a free version of the elearning module via TensorFlow. Afrikaans: Gelukkige nuwe jaar!. Berber: Asgwas amegas! There is no one definitive answer to this question. PaO Karen is the smallest group, and includes the dialect of PaO. The most widely used calendar around the globe is the Solar calendar. There are no native speakers of Latin as it has changed over time, developing into other languages such as French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. Arabic: (sunat saeida) Happy year. HAPPY CAMBODIAN NEW YEAR!!!!! In this free video language lesson from Sunny Park of Mahalo, we learn how to say, pronounce and write the Korean words for "Happy New Year." Hausa: Barka da sabuwar shekara!. In Korea, the Solar New Years day is called: Yangnyeok Seolla ( ; ); or otherwise formally known as: Sinjeong (; )if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'anayokota_com-box-4','ezslot_2',139,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anayokota_com-box-4-0'); Sinjeong is celebrated similarly to how many countries celebrate the new year. (Modern Standard) . Join us at St. Patrick Do you have enough warm clothes? if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'anayokota_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_4',148,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anayokota_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Put it all together and it translates to: I wish you lots of happiness this new year! Or Happy New Year!, (saehae bog manh-i badeuseyo). - Icelanders begin to wish one another a merry Christmas as soon as the first Sunday of Advent arrives, so feel free to throw this phrase around at will. How to Say Happy New Year in Korean - KoreanClass101 Spoken predominantly by the Telugu people living in the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, Telugu is the largest member of the Dravidian language family. Ein gutes neues Jahr! I will bring a hat, gloves, scarf or socks for you next time I see you. But before that, heres a quick video lesson on how to say Happy New Year in Korean. There are two ways of saying "Happy New Year": Until December 31: yoi otoshi o () From January 1: shinnen omedet (gozaimasu) ( () ); or, akemashite omedet (gozaimasu) ( () ). We can do that when we refer to new years in general. Standard 'Happy New Year' in Korean. The video below from Innovative Language Learnings YouTube channel shows you how to say happy New Year in 34 languages. "Happy New Year" in Korean - Say this on January 1st - 90 Day Korean Difficult. Swahili is a Bantu language spoken as the first language among the Swahili people in East Africa. The Karenic languages were primarily spoken in Thailands coastal regions and lower regions of Burma in areas indigenous to the Thailand-Burma border region. Typical New Year's Greetings in French - ThoughtCo Polish is a West Slavic language written in Latin script. Tibeto-Burman languages share many similarities with Karen in that they are part of the same family. Norwegian is one of the official languages in Norway. I left my comfortable job on Facebook to devote myself to educating the world. Its never too early to pray. This one happens for phonetical reasons: even though French possessive adjectives need to agree with the noun in number AND gender, the exception happens when the noun is feminine and begins with a vowel or a mute H. How to Say Happy New Year in Greek - GreekPod101 This official language of the Czech Republic is spoken by over 11 million people. The main difference in this statement is the word, (badeuseyo), which essentially makes the phrase a little less formal. 2. I love Languages are trademarks or registered trademarks of the George Lucas Educational Foundation in the U.S. and other countries. ! I pray for a clean start and for Allah Ta'ala to grant us a grace to worship more and more in the year ahead. There are numerous dialects in Karens main languages. In other words, according to the Gregorian calendar, each year has 12 months of 28-31 days. Most countries follow a Gregorian calendar, which has approximately 365 days in a year, while in some cultures, other year designations are also honored. German - Frohes neues Jahr. Merry Christmas In Different Languages Best Congratulations Message isiZulu: Unyaka omusha omuhle! Malagasy - Tratry ny taona! (To learn the science behind the differences between the Solar New Year and Gregorian calendar, check out this article). The Karen New Year (S'gaw Karen: ), also known as the Kayin New Year (Burmese: ), is one of the major holidays celebrated by the Karen people. !. How to wish people a Happy New year in many different languages, with recordings for some of them. Karen (Kayin) New Year / December 22, 2023 - AnydayGuide (Melkam Gena) - Merry Christmas. Portuguese is a Romance language that gained popularity worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of Portugal's colonial and commercial empire. One of the fifty-two officially recognized ethnic groups in Burma is the Karen. Additionally, many Koreans adopted some of the foods eaten on the Lunar New Year such as rice cake soup (Tteokguk) and various vegetable side dishes (namul banchan) but it is not as grand as the actual Lunar Chinese New Year. "Gleileg jl!" Merry Christmas! - You'll need to know this one if you plan on staying between Christmas and New Year's Eve. 3. Karen refugees must flee across the border into neighboring Thailand in order to avoid violence and persecution, which is a constant threat. Karenni, also known as Red Karen or Karenni in Turkish, is a type of Kurdish person. = Ya bus ka oh. This post may contain affiliate links. However, the informal phraseisok to say between close friends and family. The Karen New Year ( S'gaw Karen: ), also known as the Kayin New Year ( Burmese: ), is one of the major holidays celebrated by the Karen people. Karen history can be traced back to two thousand years. Named after the largest island in the tropical North Pacific chain of islands, Hawaiian is a Polynesian language that is classified as critically endangered by UNESCO due to its dwindling numbers of native speakers. Get the Korean skills you want with our step-by-step, structured online course. H pV'kF $*@[r5 HaeZ7Ot%FXJkDGIoY"i[^3i![1(d}TtHTR.;oR)? Happy New Year: S Novym Godom. In short, the Lunar New Year is calculated using the seasons and the first new moon closest to the spring (SOURCE). They're a time to spend with family and friends and to cherish the happy memories we have together while making more. Karen New Year - Wikipedia Step 2: Give the greeting in German Bestow New Year wishes in German: Gluckliches neues Jahr! of the year: cosa farai a amore e pace, e per tanta buon anno, best wishes for Christmas in Italian, but what about , question this time Natale pieno di a happy 2022, or Auguri di to say Merry , most common asked auguri per un felice 2022 - Best wishes for options for how websites: if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'anayokota_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_1',164,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anayokota_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');For example, if your birthday is in July and is expected to turn 29 (according to the Gregorian calendar), you will turn 30 on New Years Day (according to the Lunar calendar). = Na sayka keu leur oh ler pweh lee ah? In the Philippines, midnight is celebrated by making noise in any way imaginable. The Karen people, also known as Kayin, are primarily located in Southeast Asia. Where is Christmas in July celebrated?, Read More WHAT IS CHRISTMAS IN SUMMER DISCOVER THE HOW, WHAT, WHY?Continue, Your email address will not be published. How to say "Happy Lunar New Year" in Vietnamese? Why Enrolling with KoreanClass101 Would Be the Perfect New Year's Gift to . Happy New Year: An Nou Fericit. For details, and to get started using this handy Korean phrase yourself, watch this guide for Korean language learners. Karen Organization of Minnesota, Copyright 2017 All Rights Reserved, Karen Organization of Minnesota, Copyright 2017 All Rights Reserved. Wish - Chc, like chook? May these prayers for Christmas provide inspiration as you prepare for the upcoming Christmas season. It literally translates as "Wish happy year new!" You can say it during the Gregorian New Year or the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. Germany: Say "Happy New Year" with frohes neues Jahr, and cheers with prost. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 1. Continue Reading:100 Best New Year's Quotes To Ring In 202355 New Year's Resolution Ideas for 2023Dick Clark's Rockin' New Year's Eve Through the Years, Sign up for Yahoo Lifes daily newsletter, How to Watch the 2023 Times Square Ball Drop, Women who had ovarian cysts share their stories, A sugar replacement may be linked to heart attacks and strokes, but don't throw it out yet. All Rights Reserved. ^^, Your email address will not be published. Primarily spoken in Japan, the only country where it is the national language, Japanese is spoken natively by around 128 million people. Can't read Korean yet? Recognized by the Indian constitution as one of the 22 national languages and spoken by over 70 million people, Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state Punjab. As a native speaker, you will not be able to get accurate assistance from an interpreter who has not spoken English. (saehae gyeolsim): new year resolution, (cheyuggwan-e deo manh-i gagi): go to the gym more, (gajoggwa deo manh-eun sigan gajgi): spend more time with family, (mid-eum-eulo deo manh-i gido hagi): pray more in faith, (saeloun geos baeugi): learn new things, (chaeg-eul deo ilg-gi): read more books, (saeloun gos-eul yeohaeng hagi): to travel to new places, (hangug-eo deo gongbuhagi): to study more Korean, (hangug yoli deo baeugi): Learn more Korean cuisine. Hopefully, now you know how to say Happy New Year in Korean. Australia was photographed by Adam.J.W.C on December 31, 2008. http://bit.ly/FREEAPPShttp://www.mahalo.com/how-to-say-happy-new-year-in-koreanWatch and learn from our hostess, Sunny Park, as s. Influenced by Chinese culture, the Lunar New Year is widely celebrated in many East Asian countries, especially Korea. "KNU, KNLA leaders to mark Karen New Year together", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_New_Year&oldid=1127619487, Articles containing S'gaw Karen-language text, Articles containing Burmese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Raising of Karen National Flag, Karen Doe Dance Competition, This page was last edited on 15 December 2022, at 19:08. ^^ If you want, you can check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content. Privacy Policy It is not unusual for Karen languages to lack Chinese influence. Bethel Church in Redding, CA has changed a lot over the years and I have watched this beautiful home, Read More 40+ POWERFUL BILL JOHNSON QUOTES THAT WILL INSPIRE YOUContinue, This post may contain affiliate links. "Furaha mwaka mpya". How To Say Happy New Year in Irish This is the official and main language spoken in Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Christmas worship songs arent just about singing a nice song and feeling warm and fuzzy during the holidays, Read More 12 BEST POWERFUL CHRISTMAS WORSHIP SONGS POPULAR FOR THE CHURCHContinue, This post may contain affiliate links. See a translation. Happy New Year:Xin nian kuai le(pronounced 'Shin-nyen kwhy-ler' which is literally translated to 'New Year Happiness'). Gaelic distinguishes between "you" when speaking about one person, and "you" for when you're addressing more than one person. For 2022, find out how to say Happy New Year in Spanish, Welsh, Irish, Polish, Italian, Japanese, Chinese Mandarin, Korean, German and more. Wishing you the best in 2023. If you can provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me. Hey, 2023! How To Say 'Happy New Year' in 45 Different Languages Fun tips, lessons, and articles on Korean language and culture, 2013-2023 90 Day Languages LLC - All Rights Reserved. 2353 Rice Street #240 Saying Happy New Year in Japanese can involve giving good wishes on Dec. 31 or Jan. 1, but they can also cover greetings for the coming year that you might express until mid-January, and they can even include phrases you would use when reconnecting with family or acquaintances after long absences. Happy New Year: Szczliwego Nowego Roku. These are the most popular Chinese sayings to wish somebody a Happy New Year. Express your New Year wishes in Welsh, Spanish or Japanese. 2. Then you should learn how to say Happy New Year in Korean! Japanese - Akemashiteomedetogozaimasu! [3] Celebrations typically include don dances and bamboo dances, singing, speeches, and the consumption of food and alcohol. How to Say Happy New Year in Japanese - ThoughtCo SOLAR NEW YEAR (GREGORIAN CALENDAR NEW YEAR), LUNAR NEW YEAR (CHINESE CALENDAR NEW YEAR). Most Hated Doctor Who Companion, Required fields are marked *. One way to cheers is with egszsgedre (to your health), or you can go with fenkig (until the bottom of the glass). Ever notice that Jews don't traditionally wish each other "happy new year"? A Semitic language named after its people that is primarily spoken across the Arab world. It is recognized as the native language of the Poles and is spoken primarily in Poland. Typical French New Year's Greeting. In this video, learn how to say hello in Karen. Happy New Year: Buon anno. For details, and to get started using this handy Korean phrase yourself, watch this guide for Korean language learners. This Romance language is of the Indo-European family, derives from Latin and is spoken globally by more than 500 million native speakers. Laiming Naujj met ir bk laimingas aminai! Happy New Year: Felix sit annus novus. For example, if you are speaking to a man, you would say Paw kaw maw? which means Hello, sir. If you are speaking to a woman, you would say Naw kaw maw? which means Hello, maam.. Happy New Year: Gelukkige Nuwe Jaar. ta may na say oh ah? Dutch: Gelukkig Nieuwjaar. = Na lo ba koplaw, sooplaw, kobopa, may ta may kawplaw ah? 3. how to say happy new year in karen language June 14, 2021 / 0 Comments / in Uncategorized / by / 0 Comments / in Uncategorized / by Try wishing each person you know a Happy New Year in a different language! Assamese. For example, if you are speaking to an older person, you would say "Pu reh kaw maw?" which means "How are you, elder?" If you are speaking to a child, you would say "Pu reh kaw maw?" which means "How are you, child?" The Karen is pronounced as kwah. The Ren (emphasis on the second syllable) are indigenous to the Thailand-Burma border region in Southeast Asia, and they are one of many ethnic groups in the country. Lastly, the third is very casual and mostly used amongst close friends and family who are closer in age (or younger than you). Holiday-Speak in Many Gestures Join the Ana Yokota Family to stay up-to-date on recipes, events, and freebies! Malay - Selamat tahun Baru! How To Say Happy New Year in 31 Languages. Happy New Year: Felian Novjaron. + Add translation "Merry Christmas and a happy New Year" in English - Cree dictionary Some dialects include Transylvanian, Moldavian and Bukovinian. 1- Year godina This is pretty self-explanatory. HAPPY NEW YEAR IN KOREAN: HOW AND WHEN TO SAY - Ana Yokota I have a bus card. Start 2023 off strong with these New Year's greetings from across the globe. Happy New Year: z Novym hodam (pronounced s noh-vim. Scholars believe that Karen languages, which are related to Tibeto-Burman languages, are related to the Sino-Tibetan language family, but there appears to be no close relationship. Happy New Year: Chc mng nm mi. Celebrations typically involve dancing, speeches, music, food, sports tournaments and more. Almost 50 Ways to Say Happy New Year in World Languages Afrikaans: Voorspoedige Nuwejaar Afrikaans: Ek wens u en u gesin 'n gesende Nuwe Jaar vir 2021! Click here to learn for free in about 60 minutes! Happy New Year: chc mng nm mi. Somali: Sannad wanaagsan! Then he ran into the street to repeat that to those he might meet.When he came back, his father gave him two bright, new silver dollars.His face lighted up as he took them. Home Uncategorized how to say happy new year in karen language. with an up-tone. Hindi. Copyrights 2015- 2019. Happy New Year: Shchaslyvoho Novoho roku. To help you get started, here are the most common English resolutions translated into Korean phrases. Afrikaans: Voorspoedige nuwe jaar: Arabic: Kul 'am wa antum bikhair: Basque: Urte Berri on: Bengali: Shuvo noboborsho: Chinese (Cantonese) To ring in 2016, here's a handy guide to how to say "Happy New Year" in 12 of the major languages in Africa (besides English). Happy New Year In Turkish: 6 Awesome Phrases - Ling App Karen - Karen may refer to: Karen Gillan - Karen Sheila Gillan (born 28 November 1987) is a Scottish actress and filmmaker from Inverness, Scotland. (manh-i): a lot of (bad-eusibsio): receive Put it all together and it translates to: "I wish you lots of happiness this new year!" Or "Happy New Year!" Informal But Still Very Polite Way To Say Happy Korean New Year: (saehae bog manh-i badeuseyo) Marathi is the official language of the Indian state Maharashtra. Gullah Gullah Island ArchiveJames Edward Coleman II was born on June 23, 1984 in Gainesville, Florida, USA. 2. When you share a birthday wish, you can offer sincere, heartfelt thoughts that will bring a boost to everyone's day. Thanks for your comment, Reyhan! A happy and healthy New Year! Along with Russian, Tajik is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan. Animism is based on the belief that each person exists in a klar (soul), a group of 37 spirits that represent themselves. I have a bus card. 3 0 obj Phrases that are used to mean happy new year in Swahili are: -Kuwa na mwaka mpya wenye baraka- have a new year of blessings. Must-Know Filipino Words & Phrases for the New Year! In this free video language lesson from Sunny Park of Mahalo, we learn how to say, pronounce and write the Korean words for "Merry Christmas" or "Happy Christmas." Look at the examples below to see how it is used: (hangugeoreul deo yeolsimhi gongbu hagiro haesseoyo), (cheyukgwane deo mani gagiro haesseoyo). Moderate. / (Xnnin kuil) 'New Year happiness!'. Some cultures dont need words to ring in the New Year. 50 Ways to Say Happy New Year 2023 in Lithuanian Language All together, we have Naiya saal Mubarak ho. Below are a few I thought would be most helpful to those of you teaching or learning a new language in class this year (plus a couple lesser known ones for fun!). Translation: New Year's Eve. It may be true that not all cultures celebrate the new year in the same way, or even at the same time, but it's a nice gesture to include everyone during the holidays. Happy New Year 2023: chc mng nm mi 2023. with an up-tone. The Karen people live in the countrys east mountainous region as a minority group. x[mo8 AgzlM&nw=\(8\&`fAIMdhc!E)U!9|\''xqxp*MR#.H? Why Enrolling with PortuguesePod101 Would Be the Perfect New Year's . Show algorithmically generated translations Translations with alternative spelling Merry Christmas and a happy New Year Usual way to wish each other happy holidays at the end of the year in the period between December 25 and the first of January. -Puthandu Vazthukal to you and your family. Examples: I presume you are English? Ana lives in Southern California with her husband and bouncing baby boy. This is the same for most cultures and countries, and Korea is no different. Like Chinese, there are different dialects that could make conversation tricky from one country to the next, but they all say Happy New Year the same way: sunat jadidat saeida. This literally means "New Year's greetings.". Contact: Tomonori Nagano, Ph.D. Matador Network has translated the phrase into 40 different languages. Here's how to wish someone a happy new year in French, a happy new year in Portuguese, a happy new year in Polish, and about 37 other ways. [1] 2 "Have a prosperous new year!" Download Article Give your best wishes with this snappy greeting. Very difficult. how to say happy new year in karen language 3. Books will be read in American Sign Language and in spoken English. Learn more about these community events below. how to say happy new year in karen language Typically, it is common to see countries that celebrate New Years Day on the Gregorian calendar countdown the hours, minutes, and seconds until the official change to the New Year. Your existence in my life is the best gift ever, honey. Or wishing you a new year of blessings. )ld_Fw% QDlS28. How To Say "Happy New Year" in 40 Languages Languages Camden Luxford Dec 31, 2014 A CCORDING TO Ethnologue, the world currently has 7099 living languages. How to Say Happy New Year in Japanese *E lve Christmas! Year - nm. There are around fifty Karen languages, which are spoken by the Karen people who live in southern and southeastern Burma, and also in northern Thailand and west-central Laos. 11/1/10 9:53 AM. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Before you start thinking about New Year's resolutions of healthier eating, monthly GNOs and daily walks at the park with your kids . Each phrase is spelled out and spoken out loud. The following is a list of how to say "Happy New Year" in more than 165 languages. "Xnnin kuil" is a great way to say "Happy New Year" in Chinese. 3 Easy Ways To Say Happy New Year In Dutch - Ling App Whoopi Goldberg - Wikipedia How to say Happy New Year in German - languageholic.com Translators work in a variety of fields, including legal, financial, medical, and so on. Nepali is the most widely spoken and official language of Nepal. In Greek, they say [ ! More Information about Happy New Year Happy New Year in Different Languages: New Year is when a new calendar year starts, and the number of the calendar year increases by one. 4. The sipping is crowned by the New Year's toast at midnight when the old year ends and the new year begins. -May all your dreams come true in the coming year. After reading this article, you will know all the ins and outs of how to say happy . The exception. On behalf of all of you, Merry Christmas!. The phrase "Happy New Year," for instance, is signed with the same smile no matter where on earth one is signing. '. How To Say Happy New Year in 31 Languages. She has traveled the world all her life and is a home cook aspiring to use simple and fresh ingredients to make Korean cooking accessible to foodies everywhere. Inspirational New Year Quotes. The Black Identity and Politics Project aims to raise awareness and validate the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and Pacific Islanders (BIPOC) who feel marginal in the context of white supremacy. 2023 I love Languages. Happy New Year: Gleilegt ntt r. Thursday (version #1): Face your T and H-handshape toward someone, fingerspell it "T H". You Can Also Say. That's what the holidays are all about, right? Happy New Year: Swsd p hm. In Cantonese: san1 nin4 hou2. Rate the pronunciation difficulty of Happy new year. South Africans mark midnight by tossing household items through their windows, and the Spanish and those in Latin America celebrate by stuffing their mouths full of grapes. Spoken by about five million people, Finnish is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union.